“I Can Have It All”: Liz Lemon Negotiates Power, One Sandwich at a Time
A. Vesey and K. Lambert/FLOW Staff

Liz Lemon conquers a sub in Sandwich Day

Liz Lemon conquers a sub in “Sandwich Day”

In the “Sandwich Day” episode from the second season of 30 Rock, protagonist Liz Lemon hopes to reconcile with her ex-boyfriend Floyd at the airport, who is leaving New York City to head back to Cleveland. Stopped by security, Lemon must choose between him and her sandwich, which she can’t take with her to the gate. Refusing to compromise, she yells “I can have it all!” and promptly devours her delicious sub before running through security.

This scene is memorable for various reasons, not the least being that women rarely eat on network television. This scene references a running joke throughout the show between Lemon and her love of food. However, the feminist pleasure in this scene resides in Lemon’s refusal to trade in self-gratification for heterosexual romance. Generally speaking, television’s female protagonists personal ambitions and pleasures are cast to the wayside as the goal of “getting the guy” trumps all.

Meat and men aside, Lemon routinely struggles in balancing her personal, and often feminist, ambitions and NBC’s regressive politics, where she works as comedy writer for The Girlie Show. In this respect, the scene from “Sandwich Day” illustrates the tension between Lemon and her work environment. This tension makes us, as feminist media scholars, fans of the show. From the show’s debut in fall 2006 (incidentally, the same time that we entered into the MA program at UT), it’s consistently been a show we follow extensively, no matter how hectic our schedules are, and dissect at length.

As feminists, we’re constantly drawn to Lemon, whose job parallels 30 Rock creator and star Tina Fey’s experiences as the head writer at Saturday Night Live . For many viewers, including us, it is difficult to wrench the character from the actress. 30 Rock‘s blending of the fictional and the biographical might also be the show’s greatest contribution to scholars investigating the intersection of gender and political economy in media production, particularly as Fey constructs an avatar and, in the process, presents what can be read as a self-reflective feminist critique of working in the culture industry.

Cast of 30 Rock

The cast of 30 Rock: Tracy Jordan, Jack Donaghy, Liz Lemon, Jenna Maroney, and Kenneth “the Page” Parcell

While 30 Rock‘s self-reflective style may not be new, the show offers up an explicit critique of mainstream media that is distinct. In a recent Bitch column, Erica Lies argues that 30 Rock is unique because Lemon “taps into women’s apprehensions directly.”1 Fey herself is open about her feminist identity. Given Fey’s political views, it is surprising how well she has made a name for herself in comedy, especially when, as Heather Hendershot argues, few shows on network television comediennes as the protagonists and are targeted toward women.2 As comediennes have to operate in a male-dominated industry and appeal to male audiences, Fey’s position as writer, producer, and star of 30 Rock and the overall success of the show demands further analysis.

As the show prepares for its third season, it is important to ask whether Lemon speaks to female viewers about gender politics in the workforce. For all of the program’s (and protagonist’s) wit, there’s a lot of power struggle, and sometimes Lemon, perhaps frightfully, easily cows to the pressures of patriarchy.

Tina and Alec

Corporate Executive Jack Donaghy hopes to take Lemon under his wing

Such issues burbled in season one, often between Lemon and her boss, Jack Donaghy (played by Alec Baldwin), the Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming. In season two, however, some episodes illustrate the difficulty women face when struggling against a patriarchal work environment. One controversial episode (indeed, a source of contention for us) was “Rosemary’s Baby,” an episode where Lemon meets her hero, legendary comedy writer Rosemary Howard, played by Carrie Fisher, who is herself a feminist icon who paved the way for women like Fey.

Howard, as played by Fisher, is a radical feminist television writer from the 1960s and 70s, who attacked patriarchy and the status quo with controversial television skits featuring far-left social commentary. At a signing for Howard’s latest book, Lemon asks Rosemary to be a guest writer for The Girlie Show. Lemon is drawn to Howard’s audacious nature, especially after being awarded the “G.E. Followship Award” (earlier in the episode) by Donaghy for complying with executive policy regarding programming and product integration. Howard is a reminder of the steadfast feminist politics Lemon once adhered to. Lemon yearns to be like Rosemary and demand for radical politics to be represented on television.

Yet, 30 Rock is a not above laughing at women, let alone feminists, and the idealism in this episode quickly deteriorates. Deciding to eschew the boys’ club of network television, Lemon quits after Donaghy fires Howard, prompting the two of them to brainstorm their own program. Once Lemon arrives at Howard’s place, their alliance falls apart. Lemon realizes that Howard lives in a dump where neighbors pack guns. Realizing what she gave up, Lemon regrets her decision, especially once Howard bitterly reflects on her own life, disclosing that she is single, unemployed, and barren. Howard offers up this list as though categorizing what she has given up in order to maintain her feminist politics and integrity while castigating Lemon’s inability to forsake her plush apartment and the middle-class status that comes with her corporate job. As Lemon runs out the door to escape her mentor’s fate, Howard calls out “You can’t abandon me, Liz. You are me.” The episode ends with Lemon groveling to Donaghy for her job back, asking him for financial advice, and working out a payment plan for Howard.

Rosemary

Carrie Fisher as Howard in “Rosemary’s Baby”

What seems most problematic about this arc is the implication of generational derision among feminists. The title of this episode no doubt refers to Ira Levin’s novel and Roman Polanski’s film of the same name, in which a woman unsuspectingly gives birth to the Devil’s child. In 30 Rock, the reference is two-fold, primarily commenting on the intergenerational conflict amongst feminists. Yet this reference also pertains to Howard, who by the end of the episode literally becomes the burden Liz Lemon bears—psychologically as a reminder of feminism’s (troubled) legacy, as well as financially.

Howard is a woman associated with the characteristically more radical second wave of feminism. Thus, she seems a scary harbinger of things to come for Lemon, who is labeled by her associates as part of the third wave, which is often characterized by post-structuralist practices of appropriating once-conventionally feminine practices like knitting and baking and, in terms of media production, often reliant upon postmodern practices of pastiche and parody which may, according to Helene Shuggart, Catherine Egley Waggoner, and Lynn O’Brien Hallstein, both defuse and be in accord “with the dominant paradigm that they appear to resist.”3

The ability to be a part of the dominant paradigm while commenting on it is a motif in this episode, as when Donaghy argues that people who “push the envelope” are the same “people who don’t have the guts or the brains to work inside the system—letter writers, radicals, Howard Dean.” That Donaghy, the least feminist or progressive character on the show, affirms and admires the same strategies aligned with third wave feminists calls these strategies into question.

A great deal of the 30 Rock‘s humor draws from the uneasy alliance created between Donaghy as mentor and Lemon as his pupil. In “Succession,” Donaghy, sure he will inherit NBC from his ailing superior, Don Geiss, elects Lemon to his old position, which she initially refuses, until she sees how much she would make and resigns from her current position.

Much has been said about the gender politics of the show and its (liberal) feminist underpinnings, but another key aspect of 30 Rock is its constant foregrounding of class and capitalism. Lemon may share a paternalistic relationship with Donaghy, where he is vaunted into a loftier economic position, it should be reminded that, compared to her employees, Lemon is certainly not without privilege. Her spacious apartment is often shown in the series, but we tend not to see where her employees live. If it weren’t for casual mentions from Frank, the comic book/porn enthusiast staff writer, about having to pay his mother for rent, or cutaways to Kenneth the Page having dinner with his grandmother in a cramped apartment, we might assume that the employees live at 30 Rock.

These class issues suggest capitalism to be a primary motivator for the workers on 30 Rock, who, as L.A. Weekly’s Robert Abele are invested in “getting mediocrity on the air.”4 Within the context of the show, these programs tend to produce little more than trite catchphrases and grotesque sight gags. This is, again, where the show is interesting (and troublesome) with regard to the stakes for professional feminists in media production. The writers and actors aren’t fighting for the integrity of quality programming; they’re trundling out mindless entertainment and getting paid for it.

Thus, the higher people climb in corporatized media production, the more likely they will be compromised by economic security, whether they’re men or women. Moreover, Lemon’s efforts to alter mainstream media from within may seem meager. Yet, her attempts should not be completely discredited. She is the creator and head writer of The Girlie Show, starring her best friend Jenna Maroney that had a largely female and queer fan base. Lemon’s character also critiques other NBC programs, like MILF Island, a Survivor-style reality show between hot moms and adolescent boys. Lemon protests that this and similar shows appeal to the lowest common denominator—a largely heterosexual male audience between the ages of 18 – 45, the very demographic Donaghy solicits.

Milf Island

An ad for the fictitious NBC show MILF Island

Fey also provides commentary. Lies points out that the 30 Rock writing staff, ordered by network executives to incorporate Maxim in a tie-in promotion with Verizon, took the opportunity to poke fun at and thus subvert how the publication objectifies women by featuring Maroney’s character in a fictitious pictorial. This is an interesting commentary to place alongside Fey’s increasingly established sex appeal, evident in such recent magazine covers for Bust, Entertainment Weekly, Marie Claire, and Vanity Fair, which featured Fey alongside attractive comediennes Sarah Silverman and fellow SNL talent Amy Poehler.5

Vanity Fair

Silverman, Fey, and Poehler on the cover of Vanity Fair

Overall, while women are becoming more visible in comedy, we wonder at what cost. Comediennes still aren’t hosting late-night talk shows or opening blockbuster movies. After all, it is Jimmy Fallon, an SNL alum, who will replace Conan O’Brien, not one of his female contemporaries. We were also both very disappointed in last spring’s Baby Mama, which starred Fey and Poehler (though they didn’t write it), primarily because the premise, a professional woman who is unable to have a baby hires a surrogate, was tempered with a narrative pock-marked with regressive gender politics and a reliance on heteronormativity. Most importantly, it lacked all the witty, stinging social commentary on which Fey has made a name for herself. That said, we are both looking forward to season three of 30 Rock, a problematic but overall crucial show on television that delivers laughs and social critiques.

With the growing success of Tina Fey’s various endeavors as writer, producer, and star of 30 Rock we hope to “have it all” one day soon—witty engaging media, written, produced, and directed by women for women and with a feminist bent.

Image Credits:
1. Sandwich Day
2. Cast of 30 Rock
3. Jack Donaghy
4. Rosemary Howard
5. MILF Island
6. Vanity-Fair-Cover

Please feel free to comment.

  1. Lies, Erica. “Mary Tyler more.” Bitch. 40. Summer, 2008. p. 27-30. []
  2. Hendershot, Heather. “Comedy is a Woman in Trouble.” Flow. November 18, 2005. []
  3. Shuggart, Helene, Catherine Egley Waggoner, and Dr. Lynn O’Brien Hallstein. “Mediating Third Wave Feminism: Appropriation as Postmodern Media Practice.” Critical Studies in Media Communication. New York: Routledge. 18:2. June 2001. p. 194 – 210. []
  4. Abele, Robert. “Battle of the Network Stars.” LA Weekly. October 25, 2006. p. 1. []
  5. Stanley, Alessandra. “Who Says Women Aren’t Funny?” Vanity Fair. April 2008. p. 182-191, 251. []

13 comments

  • Excellent column. I think you both do a great job here of pinpointing the show’s very complicated relationship to feminism and capitalist media production. One issue that you’ve touched on here and I’ve always found interesting is the seeming dissonance between the show’s self-conscious portrayal of Lemon as a stereotypical example of a frumpy, late-30s single female workaholic (exemplified by one of my favorite gags in the series, the “Cathy”-esque “chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, ack!”), and the media’s display of Tina Fey’s sex appeal. To me, the putative contradiction between Lemon’s supposed ugliness and Fey’s attractiveness is an interesting example of the post-structuralist reappropriation of previously constructed feminine characteristics that you mention above.

    Another scene in “Sandwich Day” highlights this seeming contradiction. When Floyd comes to the Girlie Show studio to visit Lemon, she is dressed beautifully and has a fan blowing her hair back. However, the phoniness of this sexy tableau is made evident when we see her friend and producer Pete directing the fan operators, and Liz and Floyd’s conversation includes a line about “that barbecue place that [Liz] puked at.” Since the media’s avowal of Fey’s good looks started when she was on SNL, it seems as if she’s using 30 Rock to savvily comment on and undercut the importance of sex appeal in the media’s appraisals of her.

  • Alyx and Kristen–a great piece. It’s worth noting, too, how popular reviews of Fey and Silverman alternately bemoan/laud the masculine aspects of their comedy–focus on bodily functions, gross-out gags, etc.–without much consideration for how they might’ve made this humor their own. If there’s one thing in which I take particular pleasure while watching 30 Rock, it’s how Liz pokes holes in the boys club that is her writing staff while simultaneously drawing laughs by helping that boys club pen their dick-and-fart jokes. It’s as though “women who work blue” (as Heather Hendershot calls them in the Flow piece you cite) automatically operate at a level of parody unavailable to male comics simply because physical humor has been so male-dominated for so long. Not only are Liz’s pratfalls funny in and of themselves, they’re also funny because the boys often can’t get them right.

  • Heather Hendershot

    This essay is so right-on! I can’t fully comment on it because I’ve been waiting to watch season 2 until the DVDs come out, but I will say that I very much appreciated your observation that the show is particularly laudible for showing women eating. I recently saw a Sex in the City episode in which Sarah Jessica Parker nibbles on a microscopic choclate cupcake like a bird but says “ooh, chocolate” as if she were really indulging herself. And in this scene Sarah Jessica Parker is wearing a poofy dress to hide the fact that she is enormously pregnant, yet her face is as gaunt as ever. Where does one even begin to decipher how regressive this scenario is?! In the recent feature film, the botox is so extreme, the bodies and outfits so produced, it’s like watching animated caricatures.

    I’d like to see Jenna Maroney/Jan Krakowski get more screen time (perhaps she does in season 2) on 30 Rock, because I think her character embodies a kind of satirical inversion of the Sex in the City women–she’s so insecure, trying so hard to keep up with what’s cool, willing to wear any ridiculous fashion, but, even though other characters make fun of her, the show itself has deep empathy for her. Plus her comic timing is terrific. Her “Muffin Top” performance is pure genius.

  • Terrific column on a terrific show. I actually like the Rosemary’s Baby episode because, for me, I think it speaks to the inadequacies and failures of supposedly radical boomer politics more broadly than feminist ones. In the contemporary context, the generational element seems to be fundamental to the critique/representation of Fisher’s character.

    I’m also curious and a bit reprehensive that Fey’s politics are that consistently visible, particularly because of how her programs and appearances blur the boundaries between Fey/Lemon/TV politics/Real politics. For example, Fey’s SNL endorsement of Hillary was clear enough, but then Liz Lemon (in which episode I can’t remember) said that she would tell everyone she’s voting for Obama but probably vote for McCain.

    Add to this how the current commercial imperatives demand further blurring of the boundary between commercial and noncommercial content: watch 30 Rock and you will see Fey as Liz Lemon in 30 Rock, you will see Fey as Fey/Lemon in an American Express commercial, you may see Fey in a promotion for SNL.

  • First of all, Kristen and I appreciate all the feedback we’ve been given on this piece. We’re really pleased to see/hear a dialogue generating around this show and its politics!

    I wanted to touch briefly on Heather Hendershot’s comments on Jenna, as we did originally consider discussing in her column, but decided not to in the interest of length.

    First of all, I for one never thought about Jenna as a sympathetic but sly inversion on the “empowered” but materialistic, often shallow SATC women, so I was really taken with this concept. We also appreciate that Jane Krakowski is a little fuller-figured than the “standard” size-0 actresses, thus representing an oft-ignored “in-between” female body. And, not to give too much away on season two, but the first few episodes deal with, among other things, Jenna returning for the fall season having gained a considerable amount of weight (she spent her summer performing in Mystic Pizza: The Musical, and had to eat four slices of pizza for each of the eight weekly performances). Originally, she is pressured to slim down (because, as Jack Donaghy points out, women can either be skinny or fat, not in-between), but becomes more popular at a fat actress.

    While Jenna doesn’t keep the weight in season two (something that she’s actually upset about and tries to maintain for a while), I think these episodes bring up some important issues about how the media represents (and controls) women’s bodies.

  • I really enjoyed this article, but I would like to point out that at least one comedienne HAS broken into late-night television: Chelsea Handler on the E! network’s Chelsea Lately. She’s paving the way for sassy, feminist women everywhere to comment on the ridiculousness of Hollywood and she touches on everything from plastic surgery to politics.

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  • Genial ! Je partage ca sur facebook. J’attend avec impatience la suite. bonne continuation.

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